Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens, or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans. Ever since, Egypt has discouraged almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to utilize the local Nile tributaries. It is also a common custom to feed others within a group or own handsa tradition referred to as "gursha". It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilization of Dmt or some other proto-Axumite state. While no longer distinguished as a state religion, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church remains the majority Christian denomination. [218] 35 people were later killed in Addis Ababa and in the surrounding Oromia Special Zone during protests against what many regarded as a lack of a response from the government to the violence. A standalone high school and increased subdivision development in previously rural areas immediately outside the city followed before the real estate market temporarily collapsed during the 1980s. In addition, Ethiopia had over 75,000 Italian settlers during the Italian occupation of the country. [363] In 2007 it was estimated to be 39% (male 49.1% and female 28.9%). It constitutes approximately The Alaska Railroad established a siding on the Davis homestead as part of its branch line to Eielson Air Force Base, naming the siding Davis. Ethiopian philosophy has been superlatively prolific since ancient times in Africa, though offset of Greek and Patristic philosophy. The protesters demanded an end to human rights abuses, the release of political prisoners, a fairer redistribution of the wealth generated by over a decade of economic growth, and a return of Wolqayt District to the Amhara Region. [391] Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975 to 2000. [68], After the fall of Dmt during the 4th century BCE, the Ethiopian plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2million years ago. They were charged with trying to create an Islamic state in the majority Christian country. On the whole, he came under fierce attack from the left and from many liberals who charged that he betrayed the New Deal traditions of activist government, especially regarding welfare and his collaboration with business. Also in 1935, the Social Security Act and unemployment insurance programs were added. "The protean character of American liberalism. [403], HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia stood at 1.1% in 2014, a dramatic decrease from 4.5% 15 years ago. Insurrections against authoritarian rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Eritrea and Tigray. The official Beta Israel community leaders tentatively accept the Falash Mura, and have requested they be allowed to migrate to Israel. Original material for Lessing's early books is assumed not to exist because she kept none of her early manuscripts. The national capital and largest city, Addis Ababa, lies several kilometres west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the African and Somali tectonic plates. Our Top 20 Facts about Botswana for Kids will share insights on the Southern African country and its people, geography, animals, economy, food and more. Today, Ethiopia maintains strong relations with China, Israel, Mexico, Turkey and India as well as neighboring countries. [462] Abebe Bikila became the first athlete from a Sub-Saharan country to win an Olympic gold medal when he won the Marathon at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games in a world record time of 2:15:16. Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state.The country is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and [85][86][87] Ifat's successor, the Adal Sultanate, emerged in 1415 with its capital at Zelia, situated in the present-day Somaliland. The oldest hominid discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2million-year-old Ardipithicus ramidus (Ardi) found by Tim D. White in 1994. Italian is still spoken by some parts of the population, mostly among the older generation, and is taught in some schools (most notably the Istituto Statale Italiano Omnicomprensivo di Addis Abeba). The African Union's Luanda and Robben Island Guidelines or the United Nations' Declaration on Justice for Victims of Abuse of Power and their Basic Principles on the Use of Force & Firearms are once obligated to the Ethiopian government disciplinary committee to combat police brutality in both individual and systemic level. The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements in 1989, to form the coalition known as the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). It also employed tradition style called tizita. The legislation did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform. [110], Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia experienced a period of isolation referred to as the Zemene Mesafint or "Age of Princes". [65] Vietnam was part of the strategy of containment of Soviet Communism which began in earnest in 1947 to counter the Soviet threat. [74][382] According to the New Testament, Christianity had entered Ethiopia even earlier, when an official in the Ethiopian royal treasury was baptized by Philip the Evangelist. Although, Ethiopia did not meet the MDG target of reducing maternal mortality rate by two-thirds in 2015, there are improvements nonetheless. "Kennedy and the Liberal Consensus." The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39 per cent from 2004 to 2011, and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59 per cent over the same period for persons 10 years and older. In the 2010 gubernatorial election, Republican Sean Parnell received 5,727 votes (76.8%) to Democrat Ethan Berkowitz's 1,451 (19.5%). The town's economy largely depended on these two businesses until the 1970s, when the current four-lane Richardson Highway was built, bypassing Davis Subdivision, which was effectively its downtown. [186] The president of the transitional government, EPRDF leader Meles Zenawi, became the first Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and Negasso Gidada was elected its president. key Ukrainian port cities of Mykolaiv and Odesa. Gold bars from the National Bank of Ethiopia were found by police to be gilded metal, costing the state around US$17million, according to the Science and Development Network website.[340]. These languages include Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Suri, Me'en, and Mursi. Neocolonialism is the continuation or reimposition of imperialist rule by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony). The Richardson Highway south of Fairbanks led to an assortment of subdivided and unsubdivided homesteads between Ladd Field and 26 Mile Field in the 1940s and 1950s. 1880s2002 by Mohammed Hassen, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series), Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia by Mekuria Bulcha, African Sociological Review, A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 18961898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia by Alemayehu Kumsa, Charles University in Prague, Haberland, "Amharic Manuscript", pp. [92][93] These series of conflicts paved the way for 16th-century Oromo migrations to the northern highlands. [103] This unprecedented decision immediately caused an uprising by the Orthodox populace. The Tomb of the False Door built for Aksumite emperors used monolithic style. [10] In 2022, the city council consists of Santa Claus (20192022), Aino Welch (20202023), DeJohn Cromer (20202023), David Skipps (20212024), and Anton Keller (20212024). [68] Using executive orders, he single-handedly created the main environmental agency (the Environmental Protection Agency), something that was achieved without a vote in Congress. They are collectively known as Beta Israel. [315] In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014. [citation needed], The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm Ethio telecom. Therefore, in paragraph 179, Member States reaffirm their commitment in providing assistance to "small island developing States in implementing the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy" as well as the need to "strengthen the United Nations System support to small island developing States". In 1875 and 1876, Ottoman/Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American 'advisors', twice invaded Abyssinia but were initially defeated: once at the Battle of Gundit losing 800 men, and then in the second invasion, they were decisively defeated at the Battle of Gura on 7March 1875, where the invading forces lost at least 3,000 men by death or capture. Lucy's taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. In 1956, 101 of the 128 Southern Representatives and Senators signed the Southern Manifesto denouncing forced desegregation in 1956. Both have a joint fortune of 730m. The conservative Southern Democrats, best known as the Dixiecrats, took control of the state parties there and ran Strom Thurmond for president in 1948. According to the Democracy Index published by the United Kingdom-based Economist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia was an "authoritarian regime", ranking as the 118th-most democratic out of 167 countries. For his leadership, despite opposition from more traditional elements of society, Menelik II was heralded as a national hero. Create queries visually with a few clicks. [330] "Coffee provides a livelihood for close to 15 million Ethiopians, 16% of the population. Member States also express their concerns on the fact that "small island developing States have made less progress than most other groupings, or even regressed, in economic terms, especially in terms of poverty reduction and debt sustainability". "[261] Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Their progressive ideas continued the legacy of Lincoln, Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state.The country is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and [331], Ethiopia also has the 5th largest inventory of cattle. Etymology. Thus, this is called sem ena work (gold and wax). Many of these birds feed on butterflies, like the Bicyclus anynana. He expanded funding for liberal favorites like the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. [89], In 1883, Lester Frank Ward (18411913) published Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science, as Based Upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences and laid out the basic tenets of modern American liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of Mount Entoto at an elevation of around 2,400 metres (7,900ft). Their book, however, was unknown until the 20th century when it was fully published. It might have been possible had the family been wealthy; in reality, they were short of money and the farm delivered very little income.[12]. [329] Ethiopia produces more coffee than any other nation on the continent. 12.1 Implement the 10Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries, 12.1.1 Number of countries developing, adopting or implementing policy instruments aimed at supporting the shift to sustainable consumption and production, 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources, 12.2.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP, 12.2.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP, 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses, 12.3.1 (a) Food loss index and (b) food waste index, 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment, 12.4.1 Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement, 12.4.2 (a) Hazardous waste generated per capita; and (b) proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment, 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse, 12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material recycled, 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle, 12.6.1 Number of companies publishing sustainability reports, 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities, 12.7.1 Degree of sustainable public procurement policies and action plan implementation, 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature, 12.8.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment, 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production, 12.a.1 Installed renewable energy-generating capacity in developing countries (in watts per capita), 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products, 12.b.1 Implementation of standard accounting tools to monitor the economic and environmental aspects of tourism sustainability, 12.c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP (production and consumption), 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries, 13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population, 13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the, 13.1.3 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies, 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning, 13.2.1 Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications, 13.2.2 Total greenhouse gas emissions per year, 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning, 13.3.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment, 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible, 13.a.1 Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025, 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities, 13.b.1 Number of least developed countries and small island developing States with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications, 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including, 14.1.1 (a) Index of coastal eutrophication; and (b) plastic debris density, 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans, 14.2.1 Number of countries using ecosystem-based approaches to managing marine areas, 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels, 14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations, 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics, 14.4.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels, 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information, 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas, 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation4, 14.6.1 Degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism, 14.7.1 Sustainable fisheries as a proportion of GDP in small island developing States, least developed countries and all countries, 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries, 14.a.1 Proportion of total research budget allocated to research in the field of marine technology, 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets, 14.b.1 Degree of application of a legal/regulatory/ policy/institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries, 14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the, 14.c.1 Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources, 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements, 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area, 15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type, 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally, 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management, 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a, 15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area, 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development, 15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity, 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species, 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed, 15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits, 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products, 15.7.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked, 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species, 15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species, 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts, 15.9.1 (a) Number of countries that have established national targets in accordance with or similar to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 20112020 in their national biodiversity strategy and action plans and the progress reported towards these targets; and (b) integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems, 15.a.1 (a) Official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments, 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation, 15.b.1 (a) Official development assistance on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and (b) revenue generated and finance mobilized from biodiversity-relevant economic instruments, 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities, 15.c.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked, 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere, 16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age, 16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population, by sex, age and cause, 16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to (a) physical violence, (b) psychological violence and (c) sexual violence in the previous 12 months, 16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live, 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children, 16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 117 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month, 16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitation, 16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 1829 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18, 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, 16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms, 16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population, 16.3.3 Proportion of the population who have experienced a dispute in the past two years and who accessed a formal or informal dispute resolution mechanism, by type of mechanism, 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime, 16.4.1 Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars), 16.4.2 Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or established by a competent authority in line with international instruments, 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms, 16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months, 16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months, 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels, 16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar), 16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their last experience of public services, 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels, 16.7.1 Proportions of positions in national and local institutions, including (a) the legislatures; (b) the public service; and (c) the judiciary, compared to national distributions, by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups, 16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population group, 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance, 16.8.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations, 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, 16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age, 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements, 16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months, 16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information, 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime, 16.a.1 Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles, 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development, 16.b.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law, 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection, 17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP, by source, 17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes, 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries, 17.2.1 Net official development assistance, total and to least developed countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors gross national income (GNI), 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources, 17.3.1 Foreign direct investment, official development assistance and South-South cooperation as a proportion of gross national income, 17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total GDP, 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress, 17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services, 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries, 17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including the least developed countries, 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism, 17.6.1 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed, 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, 17.7.1 Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies, 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet, 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through northsouth, South-South and triangular cooperation, 17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through northsouth, SouthSouth and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries, 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, nondiscriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda, 17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff-average, 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries share of global exports by 2020, 17.11.1 Developing countries and least developed countries share of global exports, 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access, 17.12.1 Weighted average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States, 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence, 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development, 17.14.1 Number of countries with mechanisms in place to enhance policy coherence of sustainable development, 17.15 Respect each country's policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development, 17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools by providers of development cooperation, 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, in particular developing countries, 17.16.1 Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals, 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships, 17.17.1 Amount in United States dollars committed to public-private partnerships for infrastructure, 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts, 17.18.1 Statistical capacity indicator for Sustainable Development Goal monitoring, 17.18.2 Number of countries that have national statistical legislation that complies with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics, 17.18.3 Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded and under implementation, by source of funding, 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries, 17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countries, 17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a) have conducted at least one population and housing census in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration.
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