For the last several days of its existence, before soldiers of the United States Seventh Army arrived, Dachau was a small, self-enclosed universe of decay and death. It seems profile on the tragedy was doomed right from the start. The RMS Titanic, a luxury steamship, sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912 . MV Wilhelm Gustloff was a German military transport ship which was sunk on 30 January 1945 by Soviet submarineS-13 in the Baltic Sea while evacuating civilian evacuees from East Prussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Estonia[3] and German military personnel from Gotenhafen (Gdynia) as the Red Army advanced. At 4 am, Captain G. W. Ward of Pegaway issued an SOS when the ship was 20 nautical miles (37km) northwest of the island of Terschelling, off the coast of the Netherlands. Less than a week after the sinking, S-13 sank another ship, General von Steuben, killing a further 4,500 people. The ship left Gotenhafen at 12:30 pm on 30 January 1945, accompanied by two torpedo boats and the passenger liner Hansa, which was carrying civilians and military personnel. Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich. The MV Wilhelm Gustloff was a German ship which was sunk on 30 January 1945 by a Soviet submarine in the Baltic Sea while evacuating German civilians, officials and military personnel from Gdynia (Gotenhafen), occupied Poland, as the Red Army advanced. As the Red Army advanced on East Prussia, Adm. Karl Dnitz began preparations for Operation Hannibal, the mass evacuation of German troops and civilians from the area. It was part of Operation Hannibal, the evacuation of German military personnel and civilian refugees from the ports of East Prussia, now cut off from Germany by the advance of Soviet armies deep into the province of East Prussia. As it had a motor, it was better able to handle the waves. During 10 April, 1,172 Germans and 806 Austrian eligible voters were ferried between the docks at Tilbury to the ship where 1,968 votes were cast in favour of the union and ten voted against. . The Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) in the European Theater was one of Americas bloodiest campaigns. Hitler did not want to risk any domestic bouts of antisemitism to cause Germany to lose the recently awarded right to host the 1936 Summer Olympics, since his antisemitic policies had already led to calls to relocate the games.[6]. The MV Gustloff was the first ship built specifically for the German Labour Fronts Kraft durch Freude (Strength Through Joy) program, which subsidized leisure activities for German workers. At around 9 pm (CET), Marinesko ordered his crew to launch four torpedoes at Wilhelm Gustloff's port side, about 30km (16nmi; 19mi) offshore, between Groendorf and Leba. The people who were allowed to travel on the Kraft durch Freude flagship were chosen by the party. The three huge holes in the ships hull causes a dangerous list to Port and the ice on the ships boat-deck sends many people sliding into the freezing January waters. The first torpedo caused the watertight doors to seal off the bow which contained the crews quarters where off-duty crew members were sleeping. As Wilhelm Gustloff had been fitted with anti-aircraft guns, and the Germans did not mark her as a hospital ship, no notification of her operating in a hospital capacity had been given and, as she was transporting military personnel, she did not have any protection as a hospital ship under international accords. While officials argued, refugees kept pouring into the port, until by mid-January, Pillau was bulging with some 100,000 desperate civilians. Adolf Hitler decided on the name change after sitting next to Gustloff's widow during his memorial service. The ship had enough space to accommodate roughly 1,900 people, including some 400 crew members. [citation needed] Gustloff was shot and killed in Davos in 1936 by David Frankfurter, a Yugoslav Jewish student from what is now Croatia, incensed by the growth of the NSDAP. [22] His more recent research is backed up by estimates arrived at by a different method. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Wilhelm Gustloff: 9000 died (5000 were children) when the Soviets torpedoed the German troop ship Jan 23, 2016 Nick Knight News of the Gustloff's sinking is not reported within the remains of the Third Reich. * HighClassGlass: Maugham puts a monocle on, apparently with the intention of looking high-class to Bernie, when they first meet. It was sunk in the Baltic Sea on the night of January 30, 1945, by a Soviet submarine. Friedrich Petersen decided that the ship would travel no faster than 12 knots (14 miles [22 km] per hour). Wilhelm Gustloff (1895-1936) was the 'Head' of the Germany Nazi Party in Switzerland. His estimates, backed up by additional researchers, are that there were approximately 10,600 people on board and that about 9,400 died- thousands of them women and children. Description. Meanwhile, the 1,836 gross ton coal freighter Pegaway, which had departed the Tyne on 2 April for Hamburg, was also caught up in the storm. . The RMS Titanic, a luxury steamship, sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912 . Between 20 May and 2 June 1939, Wilhelm Gustloff was diverted from her pleasure cruises. His degree of responsibility was never resolved, however, because of Nazi Germanys collapse in 1945. About twenty minutes after the torpedoes' impact, Wilhelm Gustloff suddenly listed so dramatically to port that the lifeboats lowered on the high starboard side crashed into the ship's tilting side, destroying many lifeboats and spilling their occupants. Aside from history books and documentaries, the story of the Gustloff has been the subject of several feature films and fictional works, including the novella Im Krebsgang (2002; Crabwalk) by Gnter Grass. The Wilhelm Gustloff, like the Titanic, was a big passenger liner and was reasonably new and luxurious. [3] He assisted in the distribution of the antisemitic propaganda book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, to the point that members of the Swiss Jewish community sued the book's distributor, the Swiss NSDAP/AO, for libel. Not that it would have mattered much. 945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 He died three weeks later from cancer at age 50. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines, "The Forgotten Maritime Tragedy Deadlier Than the Titanic", "The Forgotten Maritime Tragedy That Was 6 Times Deadlier Than the Titanic", "Voyages on board the Wilhelm Gustloff & Robert Ley", "London Polling Station: Annexation of Austria", "The 'Official' Maiden Voyage of the Wilhelm Gustloff April 21st, 1938 - May 6th, 1938", "Lwe Torpedoboot 19401959 Sleipner Class", The Avalon Project Laws of War: Adaptation to Maritime War of the Principles of the Geneva Convention (Hague X); 18 October 1907, maritimeEXODUS The Evacuation Model for the Marine Environment, "Translation of Marinesko page from www.warheroes.ru", "ZARZDZENIE PORZDKOWE NR 9 DYREKTORA URZDU MORSKIEGO W GDYNI z dnia 23 maja 2006 r. w sprawie zakazu nurkowania na wrakach statkw-mogiach wojennych", The Greatest Marine Disaster in Historyand why you probably never heard of it, Shipwreck Expedition May 2003, led by Mike Boring, Details, map and position info on www.wrecksite.eu, Schiff ohne Klassen - Die Wilhelm Gustloff, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MV_Wilhelm_Gustloff&oldid=1117199413, Used as floating barracks for the Second Submarine Training Division until the vessel returned to active service ferrying civilians and military personnel as part of, 1,465 passengers (as designed) in 489 cabins. But sadly, it was not to be. They said the tragedy of Wilhelm Gustloff was a war crime. Over 9,000 people died in the Baltic Sea on January 30, 1945, in an attempt to evade the Red Army. The water temperature in the Baltic Sea in late January is usually around 4C (39F); however, this was a particularly cold night, with an air temperature of 18 to 10C (0 to 14F) and ice floes covering the surface. MV Wilhelm Gustloff was a German military transport ship which was sunk on 30 January 1945 by Soviet submarine S-13 in the Baltic Sea while evacuating civilian evacuees from East Prussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Estonia and German military personnel from Gotenhafen as the Red Army advanced. Capt. His wife Hedwig, who had been Hitler's secretary, received from Hitler personally a monthly "honorary pay" of 400, the equivalent of some US$13,000 today. Unterseeboot-Lehrdivision) in the port of Gdynia, which had been occupied by Germany and renamed Gotenhafen, located near Danzig (Gdask). About 1,000 German naval officers and men were aboard and died in the sinking of Wilhelm Gustloff. The ship made her unofficial maiden voyage between 24 and 27 March 1938 carrying Austrians in an attempt to convince them to vote for the annexation of Austria by Germany. The dead numbered between 6,000-9,000. Expert Answers: Wilhelm, who seemed to finally be hitting the limits of his ability, would have nearly perished as a result had he not been saved by the newest incarnation. His degree of responsibility was never resolved, however, because of Nazi Germany's collapse in 1945. Indeed, most of the ships actual crew was trapped in the forecastle, behind watertight doors that had locked automatically upon impact. Wilhelm Gustloff as a hospital ship. From the Irish famine to Lady Godiva, journey through European history in this quiz. About 1,000 German naval officers and men were aboard during, and died in, the sinking of the Gustloff. [14][citation needed]. [6] On May 17, 1945[7] shortly after V-E Day Frankfurter was pardoned by a Swiss court.[7]. Constructed as a cruise . From September 1939 to November 1940, she served as a hospital ship, with her official designation being Lazarettschiff D. You would think S-13 Captain Marineskos troubles with the NKVD (eventually to become the KGB) would fade now that he has scored the biggest target in history. All four captains on Wilhelm Gustloff survived her sinking, but an official naval inquiry was only initiated against Lieutenant Commander Zahn. Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Black Thursday October 14, 1943: The Second Schweinfurt Bombing Raid, An Exercise in Depravity: The Establishment of the Warsaw Ghetto, Unsung Witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad, Stalingrad: Experimentation, Adaptation, Implementation, The Last Days of the Dachau Concentration Camp, A Shocking Level of Brutality and Degradation: Dachau in Wartime, Dachau, the Model Concentration Camp, 1933-39. [15][16] The ship was overcrowded, and due to the temperature and humidity inside, many passengers defied orders not to remove their life jackets.[17]. Lying in wait in the dark waters of the Baltic Sea was the Soviet submarine S-13 under Captain Alexander Marinesko. The Wilhelm Gustloff was 684ft long (nearly a full 200ft shorter than the Titanic), she weighed 26,000GRT (Gross Registered Tons), a little more than half of the Titanic and she carried 417 crew and 1,460 passengers, making for a total complement of 1,877. The fourth torpedo (disarmed) was named For Stalin. About 9,400 lives were lost, the greatest death toll from the sinking of a single vessel in human history. Gustloff's widow, mother and brother attended the funeral and received personal condolences from Hitler. The second torpedo (For the Soviet people) hit just ahead of midships. On January 25 the ship started taking other refugees on board, and by the afternoon of January 29 the count had reached 7,956 when registration was stopped. He remained its leader from 1932 until he was assassinated in 1936. Many had worked at advanced weapon bases in the Baltic[13] from Gotenhafen to Kiel. Gustloff was proclaimed a Blutzeuge of the Nazi cause and his murder became part of the propaganda that served as pretext for the 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom. [9] The closest of the ships that answered the distress call was Wilhelm Gustloff, which reached Pegaway at 6 am. There is no telling how the back half of the season will . From November 1940 onward, it lay at anchor at Gdynia, Poland, to serve as barracks for the 2nd Submarine Training Division. Death in the Baltic: The World War II Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff , Prince, . [9] A storm developed on 3 April with winds up to 100 kilometres per hour (62mph) that forced the four ships apart. The oar-powered lifeboat was unable to come aside Pegaway in the heavy seas and looked in danger of needing rescuing. Gnter Grass, in an interview published by The New York Times in April 2003, One of the many reasons I wrote Crabwalk was to take the subject away from the extreme RightThey said the tragedy of Wilhelm Gustloff was a war crime. Any crew who might be able to free them and lower them safely are probably dead already, trapped inside the ships hull. Ultimately, the Gustloff headed for a deepwater route that was known to be clear of mines. Despite the high number of civilian deaths, allegations that sinking the Gustloff constituted a war crime are largely unfounded, because of the presence of weapons and nearly 1,000 military personnel on board. On how many people died when the Wilhelm Gustloff sank. https://www.britannica.com/topic/MV-Wilhelm-Gustloff, Militaryhistoryonline.com - Wilhelm Gustloff - The Greatest Marine Disaster in History. 1, with a crew of twelve under the command of Second Officer Meyer. The ship was carrying lifeboats and rafts for 5,000 people, but many of the lifesaving appliances were frozen to the deck, and their effective use was further impeded by the fact that one of the torpedoes had hit the crew quarters, killing those best trained to deal with the situation. Of the original '1,252' rescued from the water . Was it a war crime? In 1960 he was reinstated as captain third class and granted a full pension. During the summer of 1939, she was pressed into service to bring the Condor Legion back from Spain after the victory of theNationalist forces under General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. It ran the Gustloff Werke ("Gustloff Factories"), a group of businesses that had been confiscated from their Jewish owners or partners. Reportedly, only nine lifeboats could be lowered; the rest had frozen in their davits and had to be broken free. He has become a marked man his character deemed less than compatible with the Soviet ideal. The story was not well known as there had been some conspiracy theories behind the tragedy. [24], Many ships were sunk during the war by the Allies and by the Axis Powers. Whatever lifeboats there are, become next to useless because they are frozen to their davits by the freezing temperatures. It measured 684 feet (208.5 metres) in length and weighed more than 25,000 tons. Choose either number, in fact, and the result is the same: even with 1,200 survivors picked up by rescue vessels, the sinking of Wilhelm Gustloff was the worst disaster in maritime history, at least four times bigger, in terms of human life, than the sinking of the Titanic. The Gustloff was ordered to bring the soldiers of the 2nd Submarine Training Division to western Germany. And then there is something else World War II is filled with: worsts.. In World War II, Seydlitz was a skilled field commander, rising through division and corps command, distinguishing himself at Demyansk and Stalingrad. The third torpedo was a direct hit on the engine room, cutting all power and communications. A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930-1945, Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Gustloff, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Gustloff&oldid=1116940775, People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2009, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles lacking in-text citations from March 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The women on board the ship at the time of the sinking were inaccurately described by Soviet propaganda as SS personnel from the German concentration camps. One by one the 19 men on Pegaway jumped into the sea and were hauled onto Lifeboat No. Less than 40minutes after being struck, Wilhelm Gustloff was lying on her side and sank bow-first, in 44m (144ft) of water. The third torpedo (For Leningrad) struck the engine room in the area below the ships funnel, cutting off electrical power to the ship. He died three weeks later from cancer. In fact, we might say it was the worst. In under 50 minutes, the Gustloff was gone, taken beneath the icy black waters of the Baltic, and with her, 9,343 men, women and children while 1,239 people were saved by a number of German ships in the area. No help was at hand. Those who survived the initial onslaught and did not manage to flee, had to eke out a living on a battleground ravaged by incessant bombardment and street fighting. Unlike the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan in Paris in 1938, Gustloff's death was not immediately politicized to incite Kristallnacht. info@nationalww2museum.org Wilhelm Gustloff was the first purpose-built cruise ship for the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF) and used by subsidiary organisation Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF). Those who had not been killed by the initial blast or by the chaos on board after the attack froze to death in the icy Baltic. On January 30, 1945, some 9,000 people perished aboard this German ocean liner after it was torpedoed by a Soviet submarine and sank in the frigid waters of the Baltic Sea. German forces were able to rescue some (a total of 1,252) of the survivors from the attack: torpedo boat T-36 rescued 564 people; torpedo boat Lwe, 472; minesweeper M387, 98; minesweeper M375, 43; minesweeper M341, 37; the steamer Gttingen saved 28; torpedo-recovery boat (torpedofangboot) TF19, seven; the freighter Gotland, two; and patrol boat V1703 was able to save one baby. All four captains survived. Wilhelm Gustloff, in full Motor Vessel Wilhelm Gustloff, German ocean liner that was sunk by a Soviet submarine on January 30, 1945. Moreover, he manages to sink one more significant target on February 9, 1945 before returning to base (the Steuben over 15,000 tons and 3,000 lives sinking in only seven minutes). [25] However, based on the latest estimates of passenger numbers and those known to be saved, Wilhelm Gustloff remains by far the largest loss of life resulting from the sinking of a single vessel in maritime history. Against the advice of the military commander, Lieutenant Commander Wilhelm Zahn (a submariner who argued for a course in shallow waters close to shore and without lights), Wilhelm Gustloff's captain, Friedrich Petersen, decided to head for deep water which was known to have been cleared of mines. Three of them hit home, striking Wilhelm Gustloff on the bow, stern, and amidships. In 1942, SSCap Arcona was used as a stand-in for RMSTitanic in the German film version of the disaster. When Adolf Hitler launched the Wilhelm Gustloff from the seaside city of Hamburg on May 5, 1937, hundreds of German workers and Nazi party officials gathered to witness the spectacle.Flags and swastika banners festooned the quay and arms raised in the notorious Heil Hitler salute as the ship sailed forth showing an uneasy world the full industrial might of Nazi Germany. The passengers besides civilians included Gestapo personnel, members of the Todt organization and Nazi officials with their families. As Wilhelm Gustloff had been fitted with anti-aircraft guns, and the Germans, in obedience to the rules of war, did not mark her as a hospital ship, no notification of her operating in a hospital capacity had been given and, as she was transporting military personnel, she did not have any protection as a hospital ship under international accords. Torpedoboot T-36 rescued 564 people, Torpedoboot Lwe 472 people, Minensuchboot M387 98 people, Minensuchboot M375 43 people, Minensuchboot M341 37 people, steamer Gottingen saved 28 people, Torpedofangboot TF19 saved 7, freighter Gotland 2 people, and Vorpostenboot 1703 saved one person, a 1 year-old child. As a consequence of the Allied blockade of the German coastline, she was used as a barracks ship for approximately 1,000 U-boat trainees of the 2nd Submarine Training Division (2. News of the Gustloffs sinking is not reported within the remains of the Third Reich. 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