Particularly preferred feedstocks for said poly-alpha olefins are 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and 1-tetradecene. The present invention therefore provides a method of improving the fuel economy performance of a liquid base fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine, comprising admixing at least one fuel additive having a kinematic viscosity at 100 C. of 27 cSt or less and a NOACK volatility at 250 C. of 100% wt, preferably 20 wt % or less, and at least one friction modifier with a major portion of a liquid base fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine. Said boron-containing anti-wear additives may be conveniently added to the lubricating oil in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 3.0 percent by weight, based on the total weight of lubricating oil composition. 4 is a distillation curve showing the % recovered biofuel material as a function of distillation vapor temperature. This example confirms that both friction modifiers and VCA chemistry can cause an increase in % benefit fuel consumption when present in the lubricant. The biosphere is presently overburdened by carbon emissions produced from fossil fuels. Commercial 12-hydroxystearic acid (hydrogenated castor oil fatty acid) normally contains up to 15% wt of stearic acid and other non-hydroxycarboxylic acids as impurities and can conveniently be used without further admixture to produce a polymer of molecular weight about 1000-2000. wherein R2, R3 and R4 may be selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups such as methyl. These useful biocompounds emerge at progressively higher devolatilization temperatures. Therefore, the anion Xq of the compound of formula (III) can also be any non-sulphur-containing anion (or mixture of anions) suitable to balance the positive charge of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide cation, such as a non-sulphur-containing organic anion or a non-sulphur-containing inorganic anion. Compacting station 69 may be controlled by electrically driven devices, air compressed devices, or any other form of energy that serves to impact load the biomass. Examples of preferred Z moieties in formula (III) include NHCH2CH2, NHCH2C(CH3)2CH2 and NH(CH2)3. Gasses are lightweight, so it would take a larger tank to . Another suitable hyperdispersant for use herein is a polyetheramine having formula (VI): wherein R is an NR12 group where R1 is independently selected from hydrogen and a C1-C6 hydrocarbyl group, n is in the range of from 6 to 37, m is in the range of from 12 to 74 and p is 0 or 1. The duration of the pressure application can vary from 1 microsecond to 1 week. Remember, the oxidizer helps the fuel burn. With the B-52 now approved to use the FT blend, the USAF will use the test protocols developed during the program to certify the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III and then the Rockwell B-1B Lancer to use the fuel. It is possible that supercritical conditions are created internally with some pressure and temperature profiles. Examples of suitable C1-C4 alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl groups. Oxidizers include nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide, liquid oxygen, and liquid fluorine. 2004-2022 FreePatentsOnline.com. The group (O-A-CO) in the compounds of formulae (I) and (II) is preferably a 12-oxystearyl group, 12-oxyoleyl group or a 6-oxycaproyl group. 5a-5c show gas chromatograms (GC) of biofuel prior to distillation with no dehydration step(5a), a biofuel fraction collected in the temperature range 73C-105C during the biofuel distillation between 0C and 188C, no dehydration step (5b), and biofuel component containing all combined collected fractions, no dehydration step (5c). The advantages of butanol are its high octane rating (over 100) and high energy content, only about 10% lower than gasoline, and subsequently about 50% more energy-dense than ethanol, 100% more so than methanol. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. There are several methods for detecting water in jet fuel. Temperature military rank: Can be used over a Swagelok Snoop Liquid Leak Detector, 8 oz. 14 The total content of the additives in the diesel fuel composition may be suitably between 0 and 10000 ppmw and preferably below 5000 ppmw. Temperature of ignition (K) 6. For example, the oxygen content of the gasoline may be up to 25 percent by weight, preferably up to 10 percent by weight. The amine reactant is preferably a diamine, a triamine or a polyamine. Durasyn 165, a PAO-5 commercially available from INEOS Oligomers. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. When the volatile compounds are removed along with the steam, pressure within the biomass is decreased suddenly. In the above, amounts (concentrations, % vol, ppmw, % wt) of components are of active matter, i.e. U.S. Patent No. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, which increases wear in fuel injection equipment. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Examples of suitable terminal amine groups include NH2, NHCH3, NHCH2CH3, NHCH2CH2CH3, NHCH(CH3)2, NHCH2CH2CH2CH3, NHC(CH3)3, N(CH3)2, N(CH3)CH2CH3, N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, N(CH2CH3)2, N(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2, N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3, N(CH2CH3)C(CH3)3, N(CH2CH3)CH2CH3, N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH3, N(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2, N(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3, N(CH2CH3)C(CH3)3, N(CH(CH3)2)CH2CH2CH3, N(CH(CH3))2, N(CH(CH3)2)CH2CH2CH2CH3, N(CH(CH3)2)C(CH3)3, N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2CH3, N(CH2CH2CH3)2, N(CH2CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3, N(CH2CH2CH3)C(CH3)3, N(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2, N(CH2CH2CH2CH3)C(CH3)3, and N(C(CH3)3)2. ; Chemicals - Formulas and Trading Names . The one or more poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivative having a terminal amine group may be obtained by reaction of a poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) as defined above with: a compound having a group reactive with the terminal carboxylic acid group of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) and a terminal amine group as defined above; a precursor of the terminal amine group; or. A central opening in the tubular housing that contains a metal bar that is formed of an alloy composition including copper, zinc, tin, manganese, aluminum, and iron. The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal amine group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have a TBN (total base number) value of at least 100 mg.KOH/g, more preferably at least 150 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably at least 175 mg.KOH/g and most preferably at least 200 mg.KOH/g, as measured by ASTM D 4739. For the alcohol, the hydrocarbyl group is preferably an alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted polymethylene group. In some cases, biomass is dispensed into thin sheets whose total thickness is 1 to 30 times the biomass particle size. The color of the electronic cigarette is generally golden yellow or colorless liquid. A system capable of embodying the methods of the present invention is described in co-owned, co-pending. BMF char is then ready for sequestration process 80. Examples include fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE). These substances are called exhaust. Both the engine and the fuel still bear the name of Diesel. Suitable polyalphaolefins for use herein include PAO-5, PAO-2, PAO-4, PAO-6 and PAO-8, preferably PAO-5. Further suitable carrier oil systems are described, for example, in DE-A-38 26 608, DE-A-41 42 241, DE-A-43 09 074, EP-A-0 452 328 and EP-A-0 548 617, which are incorporated herein by way of reference. They will also supply over 9,000USgal (34,000l; 7,500impgal) to NASA for testing in various aircraft and engines. exclusive of volatile solvents/diluent materials. In formula (III) (and formula (I)), n is in the range of from 1 to 100. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Petroleum that has few metals or sulfur for instance tends to be lighter (sometimes nearly clear). Embodiments feature dispensation onto a biomass chamber that is much wider and longer than it is thick. However, it may also be used as a fuel, most often in combination with gasoline. at the refinery, it will contain minor amounts of one or more additives selected for example from anti-static agents, pipeline drag reducers, flow improvers (e.g. A "heat valve" on the manifold would route the exhaust gases around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it can be ignited by an electric spark. [65], In 2015 ASTM approved a modification to Specification D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels to permit up to 50 ppm (50mg/kg) of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) in jet fuel to allow higher cross-contamination from biofuel production.[66]. Further suitable synthetic carrier oils are alkoxylated alkylphenols, as described in DE-A-10 102 913.6. The reaction of a compound having a group reactive with the terminal carboxylic acid group of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) and a terminal amine group; a bifunctional linking compound which is subsequently reacted with a precursor of the terminal amine group, with a poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) is known and is described in the art, for example in EP 0 164 817. For this reason the sulphur content of a diesel fuel composition containing a Fischer-Tropsch product may be very low. Gasolines typically comprise mixtures of hydrocarbons boiling in the range from 25 to 230 C. (EN-ISO 3405), the optimal ranges and distillation curves typically varying according to climate and season of the year. k 1367796, 1667140, 1302811 and 1743435. Jet A fuel must reach ASTM specification D1655 (Jet A).[8]. Kerosene tax can be levied throughout the European Union on domestic flights and between Member States according to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive. If the terminal acid group is in the form of a salt, it is can conveniently be formed by the reaction of the terminal acid in the free acid form with a base, for example, with ammonia, organic bases such as amines and aminoalcohols, and inorganic bases. Accordingly, in one embodiment provides a liquid fuel composition comprising: In a further embodiment provides a method of improving the fuel economy performance of an internal combustion engine, said method comprising (a) fuelling an internal combustion engine containing an engine lubricant with such liquid fuel composition and (b) operating said fuelled-internal combustion engine. The content of sulphur and nitrogen will be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds. As stated above, the gasoline composition may also contain synthetic or mineral carrier oils and/or solvents. In the additivated diesel fuel composition, the lubricity enhancer is conveniently present at a concentration of less than 1000 ppmw, preferably between 50 and 1000 ppmw, more preferably between 70 and 1000 ppmw. Pressure shocks serve to compress these higher boiling compounds and contribute to fracturing cell walls within the biomass. The most notable of these is gasoline. Non-limiting examples of suitable anions are OH, CH, NH3, HCO3, HCOO, CH3COO, H, BO33, CO32, C2H3O2, HCO2, C2O42, HC2O4, NO3, NO2, N3, NH2, O2, O22, BeF3, F, Na, [Al(H2O)2 (OH)4], SiO32, SiF62, H2PO4, P3, PO43, HPO42, Cl, ClO3, ClO4, ClO, KO, SbOH6, SnCl62, [SnTe4]4, CrO42, Cr2O72, MnO4, NiCl62, [Cu(CO3)2(OH)2]4, AsO43, Br, BrO3, IO3, I, CN, OCN, etc. one or more C, Click for automatic bibliography 5b. The LPG cylinder composition is given as follows -. The concentration and nature of the optional fuel additive(s) that may be included in the base gasoline or the gasoline composition of the present invention is not critical. Where the hydroxyl group in the hydroxycarboxylic acid is secondary or tertiary, the temperature employed should not be so high as to lead to dehydration of the acid molecule.
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