The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. Two of these recordings yielded 25 minutes of video, which was transcribed into narrative format. 2 179-214. Glaser B. Glaser B. and Strauss A. Accurate descriptions of what is going on run a poor second to socially structured fictions (Glaser 2001, p. 146). This awareness of small events was facilitated by the development of a list of possible target behaviours that would constitute baseline data. Each weapon in the game has a fixed damage type, and cannot be changed. However, there was no evidence observable to me to gainsay that conclusion. Are you developing a classic grounded theory? The fruit of this process was the fine-grained detail of incidents and sequences in behaviour that constituted the transcription and formed the basis for the data analysis. Wilder J. (2005). Mill Valley. Through a comparison of these concepts, they plan theories. Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. Some weak points are only vulnerable to certain damage types, such as eye weak points being vulnerable to only Stabbing damage. In order to manage the mass of recorded data, just two of the three recordings were examined and between them selected episodes of interaction were examined, which yielded 25 minutes of data which were transcribed and analyzed. The first was that I was present in the classrooms where the interaction took place and my presence was compounded by the video camera and the stand upon which it sat. (1998). However, as the interaction was analyzed 24 times per second, the precise record of how a persons gaze shifted from one focus to another was identifiable, as was the movement of the persons attention from one stimulus to another and the resulting changes in eye gaze and other interactions of the second person in the dyad. In brief, the theory suggests that all communication takes place in a setting (the place where the dyad is located), which influences the state of mind of the people in it (their being). Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and all elemental arrows. Videotaped recording as a method off participant observation in psychiatric nursing research. This view is reinforced by Heacock et al who comment on the capacity of video to allow fine-grained recording, they state that it is not unusual for an observer replaying a videotape to detect nuances in non verbal behaviour that an observer in the field setting missed (Heacock et al., 1996, p. 336). Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. Boca Raton, Florida. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). The application by one person of attention to the stimulus of the other is not inevitable, but if it does occur, it will affect how the person acts and if they become engaged (communicate) or not. Heritage J. Lippincott. Schonfeld asked the research group to analyze the behaviours that they saw. Such a situation leads to communication difficulties both for the person with PIMD and the people who do not have a disability but who may be related to the person with PIMD or may work to support them. The second limitation of using videotaped data in this study was the length of time that the analysis took. London, Norton. Communication partnerships with people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. (1967). Sociology Press. That view is an interpretation of the behavioural evidence. Watzlawick P, Bavelas J. and Jackson D. (1967). Grounded theory classifies data into four types, in descending order of accuracy these are: baseline data which is the participants best description of what he or she has to say, properline data, which is named when the participant tells what he/she thinks he or she is supposed to say. Lastly, this study found, as others have done, that the linkage of video and classic grounded theory provides a method which has the potential to uncover patterns of human behaviours which previously were not evident and thus to explain what is happening in complex social situations (Nilsson, 2012). It is said that data for a grounded theory research project should be obtained through using the best technique available to obtain the information that is desired (Glaser Strauss, 1967). Such complex communications are not likely to be understood by the person with PIMD. This study attempted to uncover some of the more fundamental elements and the inherent patters in the complex nature of human interaction. Attuning therefore describes the nature of the continuous process of communication, the understanding of which is the main concern of the participants in the study. Nakken H. and Vlaskamp C. (2007). The research study from which this paper is derived aimed to develop a theory to explain how people with PIMD confront that primary difficulty and communicate with others. In view of the fact that these micro-communications were predominantly gestures, marginal vocalisations, alterations of eye gaze and inflections of body parts, behaviours which are easily missed or at least not consciously registered in real interaction, the use of video constituted a way of seeing what had not been seen before. The result was that the memos wove a horizontal mesh that named the relationships that were inherent in the theory, some of which are detailed in section two. Glaser B. Do you have data that could be resorted and further developed into a new grounded theory? Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 26:156-162. (2001). Video permits the fine-grained, detailed nature of the data that is; its density to be made explicit (Latvala et al., 2000). In the context of thick description of an event, he notes that the descriptions were thicker than most (Schonfeld ,1992, p. 209). 31 (5):1252-1257. Such detailed analysis allowed the synchrony in the interaction process to become clear, as well as the relationship between motor movements of both persons to become evident as the movements of each developed and decayed. He or she may offer a stimulus to the other person in the dyad, to which the other may attend and then action may follow. In considering whether such doubts apply to the use of video recorded data, Nilsson (2012) reports that Glaser acknowledges that the use of video is the only method that is sufficiently sensitive to be capable of capturing micro-communications and that for research participants who are non-verbal and therefore communicate by means of macro and micro non-verbal communications, there is no other method of collecting original information explaining what was happening in their field of interest (Nilsson, 2012, p. 107), that is, baseline data. Journal of Advanced Nursing. They require virtually total care in terms of assistance in activities of daily living (Cascella, 2005), they often have accompanying secondary disabilities such as epilepsy, physical disability or mental health difficulties (Nakken and Vlaskampf, 2007) and they do not use speech, but generally interact using non-verbal communications (Hogg et al., 2001). Once coding of the data commenced the codes were tracked by physically moving and amending hard copies of each code as the code evolved and as its location within the emerging theory became clear. The constant comparison process not only generated codes that changed as the data analysis continued, but it also generated memos. The problem is that the accurate ascription of meaning to anothers interaction is difficult for both parties. Indicative behaviours. Elemental Weaknesses and Resistances are primary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. Scope of Research: Grounded theoretical research attempts to describe or explore a specific issue. The transcription of the videotapes was the most painstaking and slow phase of the data analysis. Nilsson L. (2012). For example, people with such severe degrees of disability may do things slowly, pause unexpectedly or indeed produce very few behaviours (Ware, 2003), making understanding of the significance of their behaviours problematic. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition. Sociology Press. As such, each episode in the tape was viewed in real time, in slow motion and generally frame-by-frame, in order to ascertain the exact behaviours that were occurring and the precise sequences in which they occurred. 12:190-203. The theories will be peer reviewed by experienced members of the advisory board of the Grounded Theory Review. As previously mentioned, this method is typically used when a . Video was the tool used to collect the data, and this approach to data collection, combined with a meticulous analysis of the videotapes, revealed the micro-behaviours that constitute the basic building blocks of dyadic communication. People with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD) have an intelligence quotient below 25 points (American Psychiatric Association 2000). (Personal communication). David Fulton. Caldwell P. (2007). (1991). This tendency for the data to self-correct was evident in the identification and emergence of the categories of data in the study. On a few occasions I interacted with the participants in order to maintain the relationship which had been established prior to and during the data-gathering period. It has been noted that capturing of recorded video in a very thorough narrative transcription sensitizes the researcher to the observation of micro-events (Nilsson, 2012), a process which was very evident as the data transcription progressed. London. Please submit your paper no later than April 1 for the June edition and September 15 for the December edition. Polity press. The aim of this paper is to describe the method that was used in the study. Heacock P, Souter E and Chastian J.(1996). As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. This was the process that is described thus in sorting, the analyst is constantly moving back and forth between memos and a potential outline working with it so everything fits (Glaser, 1978, p. 118). The narrative illuminated the verbal and non-verbal interactions of both participants in the dyad in detail and in sequence. The early memos detailed the properties of the codes, but as time went by, the memos indicated how codes should be sorted and tentatively named the categories (concepts) to which they belonged. There is a danger in over reliance on descriptive data because the data may dominate the findings to the point that an accurate description of what happened emerges rather than a conceptual theory. The nature of the qualitative micro data that was captured is described and the fit between such data and classic grounded theory is discussed. This had to be carried out in order to render as precise a written description of the data as possible. The progression in the data analysis process is described from descriptions of these micro-behaviours towards the emergence of the concepts of the theory. The theory of attuning has seven concepts: setting, being, stimulus, attention, action, engagement and the core category of attuning. 45:18-29. Because grounded theory research is "collection method neutral" (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. Because grounded theory research is collection method neutral (Glaser, 2007, p. 20), as a research method, it can conceptualise any form of data. See what I mean: interpreting the meaning of communications by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. To sum up this section, video enables data to be collected that is permanently on record, that can be very complex or dense and that can be analyzed precisely in fine detail. Arising from that transcription it became possible to identify the patterns in the micro-behaviours and micro-communications that constituted the interaction process. Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. It seemed to me that such an assumption underpinned the identification of the main concern of the participants and how they resolved it. The persons state of mind influences how the person behaves. This begged the question: Did my presence affect the action that was taking place? There were three participants in the study who had a severe or profound intellectual disability, each of whom was observed in the classroom with a non disabled person, namely the staff member who was chiefly responsible for the persons care, support and education.
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