Get all occupants out of the vehicle and away from the roadway. Check the vehicle-in-tow to make sure the tire straps are properly attached. It was drawn by teams of oxen, horses or mules. NCHRP Report 713: Estimating life expectancies of highway assets. [9] It was designed to unite and consolidate the conquests of the Roman people, whether within or without the limits of Italy proper. Connect the two (2) vehicle security chains, found next to the ratchets, to the vehicle-in-tow frame or other structural member. The libratores then began their work using ploughs and, sometimes with the help of legionaries, with spades excavated the road bed down to bedrock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. Loading cargo in your vehicle-in-tow or on your tow dolly may result in sway or WHIPPING. policy. Adults who get the virus experience mild cold-like symptoms with a fever and an itchy throat. The water allows the mix to combine molecularly in a chemical reaction called hydration. Drive to the tunnel during the tunnel hours of operation (posted seasonally). It was the duty of each curator to issue contracts for the maintenance of his road and to see that the contractor who undertook said work performed it faithfully, as to both quantity and quality. Please sign up for email updates to be notified of any driving education or Code, Chapter 84, Subchapter I, 84.100 and 84.101; and repeals an existing rule at Subchapter I, more than the weight of the vehicle-in-tow. Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Be sure all tires are inflated properly. These devices may have a negative effect on vehicle handling and braking and may restrict the operation of the tow dolly coupling mechanism. Lift and push the loading ramps back into the storage compartments push inward until the pin engages the hole in the ramp. Please note that: TDLR will continue providing updates about our implementation of HB 1560 via our Driver Education & Safety webpage, email notifications and social media posts. You are required to pay the entrance fee to enter the park. The accident rate then dropped sharply, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. , Augustus also authorized the construction of sewers and removed obstructions to traffic, as the aediles did in Rome.[9]. In the early days of the viae, when little unofficial provision existed, houses placed near the road were required by law to offer hospitality on demand. Vehicles weighing more than 50,000 pounds, Vehicles and trailers with combined length over 50 feet. Such roads led either to the sea, or to a town, or to a public river (one with a constant flow), or to another public road. For further information on asphalt mixes containing RAP and other recycled materials, see Asphalt Concrete. At the time that the tunnel was dedicated, on July 4, 1930, it was the longest tunnel of its type in the United States. No. 150. Corbishley, Mike: "The Roman World", page 50. This is done during the rental process, so NEVER place a vehicle-in-tow on the tow dolly that is different than listed on your rental contract. Should you be careful what you wish for? The Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel (and the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway) provides direct access for travel between Bryce Canyon, Grand Canyon, and Zion National Parks. Such a road, though privately constructed, became a public road when the memory of its private constructors had perished. If this occurs at a certain speed, it is a signal that WHIPPING will likely occur if speed is increased by a small amount. If you must continue on the roadway to reach a safe place off the road, turn on your emergency flashers and proceed with caution. The maximum speed is 55 mph when towing a U-Haul tow dolly. Use the checklist at the end of these instructions before towing and while on the road. Ultimately, Pansing Brooks wrote and introduced a bill that was later amended into LB 741. Install portable towing lights on the vehicle-in-tow as instructed in the Lighting Connections section. Then steer gradually back onto the roadway. [6] Notably, in about 2000 BC, the Minoans built a 50km paved road from Knossos in North Crete through the mountains to Gortyn and Lebena, a port on the south coast of the island, which had side drains, a 200mm thick pavement of sandstone blocks bound with clay-gypsum mortar, covered by a layer of basaltic flagstones and had separate shoulders. Recheck the tire tie down straps and retighten as necessary. Siculus Flaccus, who lived under Trajan (98117), calls them viae publicae regalesque,[9] and describes their characteristics as follows: Roman roads were named after the censor who had ordered their construction or reconstruction. 153. Listen to recorded information by calling anytime 24 hours a day. Warwick Press, 1986. Drive slowly. Sweden switched to RHT in 1967, having been LHT from about 1734 despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90% of cars being left-hand drive (LHD). The project, including building the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway, took 3-years to complete and cost $1,896,000. If you have a tow dolly with tilt platform loading ramps (Figure 8), tilt the wheel platform back for loading. They had placed the baby on 100% oxygen. Also make sure there is no cargo in the vehicle-in-tow and it is loaded facing forward. [9] The dignity attached to such a curatorship is attested by a passage of Cicero. The existing pavement is broken up, and may be ground on-site through a process called milling. The final steps utilized lime-based concrete, which the Romans had discovered. Detachable vehicle-in-tow towing lights can be purchased at your U-Haul Center or dealer. The updated rule chapter will be available on the Secretary of State websiteupon its effective date of July 1, 2022. Austin, TX 78711, (800) 803-9202 [in state only] [9] Little reliance can be placed on Pomponius, who states that the quattuorviri were instituted eodem tempore (at the same time) as the praetor peregrinus (i.e. The proposed rules were published in the October 14, 2022, issue of the Texas Register (47 TexReg 6735). Zion National Park There are many examples of roads that still follow the route of Roman roads. Tabula Traiana memorial plaque in Serbia is all that remains of the now-submerged road. In the event a highway includes two or more separate roadways, the term "roadway" as used in this chapter shall refer to any such roadway separately but not to all such roadways collectively. The next Driver Training and Traffic Safety Advisory Committee meeting If you have a tow dolly with tilt platform loading ramps, swing the locking pin handle upward then toward the coupler. She felt good. https://open.texas.gov/. "The meaning of 'Limes' and 'Limitanei' in ancient sources. Today the tunnel is basically the same as it was upon its completion over eighty years ago. The elevation gain is 800 ft. and approximately five miles from the Zion Canyon Visitor Center. Let off the gas pedal and slow down below 25 mph. The purpose of the fee is to offset the cost of ensuring safe passage for oversized vehicles. [17] In these roads, the surface was hardened with gravel, and although pavements were introduced shortly afterwards, the blocks were allowed to rest merely on a bed of small stones. Overtaking and passing rules. They were located every 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19mi). Then stop at the first opportunity and reload the vehicle-in-tow facing forward and remove any cargo from the vehicle-in-tow. Some of the common, earlier designs incorporated arches. An ultrasound taken 30 weeks into that pregnancy showed that her babys growth had slowed, but her doctor wasnt worried. Make sure the tow dolly is directly behind the tow vehicle, in a straight line. Crossing the chains under the tongue allows the minimum amount of slack for turning. When approaching the tunnel be aware of your surroundings and slow down. A "roadway" is that portion of a highway improved, designed or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder or berm. Hitches must be able to tow the weight of the tow dolly and your vehicle-in-tow. ], if only to secure uniformity, the personal liability of householders to execute repairs of the streets was commuted for a paving rate payable to the public authorities who were responsible from time to time. If you need to use a cell phone find a safe place to exit the roadway. She felt good. Ridders only regret is that the bill does not require screening for the condition. Make sure the hitch and hitch-ball are securely attached to your tow vehicle and that the tow dolly coupler is properly connected to the hitch-ball. In this capacity he had effectively given himself and any following Emperors a paramount authority which had originally belonged to the city censors. The Zion-Mount Carmel Tunnel today. Members of the committee will not be compensated, and they must cover their own expenses if they need to travel to Austin as part of their duties. Reconnect the tow dolly lighting wires to tow vehicle if they are disconnected. Three Greek geographers, Zenodoxus, Theodotus and Polyclitus, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary; the task required over 25 years and the resulting stone-engraved master itinerary was set up near the Pantheon. We spoke and showed them graphs. RAP can be transported to an asphalt plant, where it will be stockpiled for use in new pavement mixes,[31] or it may be recycled in-place using the techniques described below. In addition, the bill transferred the Parent Taught Driver Education program from the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) to TDLR. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the beginning of the 20th century and are of two types: metalled (hard-surfaced) and unmetalled roads. Because the combination is longer the vehicle-in-tow will track inside the turn and may sideswipe a vehicle or object. Most asphalt surfaces are laid on a gravel base, which is generally at least as thick as the asphalt layer, although some 'full depth' asphalt surfaces are laid directly on the native subgrade. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways. In virtually all modern mixes there will also be various admixtures added to increase workability, reduce the required amount of water, mitigate harmful chemical reactions and for other beneficial purposes. One committee member will be a division head of the Texas Department of Public Safety Driver License Division or their designee. The universal joint bearing caps must be taped on to prevent loss of the bearings. A cloth top could be put on for weather, in which case it resembled a covered wagon. Kinda! The nurses did chest compressions for a long time. A mechanistic-empirical design guide was developed through the NCHRP process, resulting in the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), which was adopted by AASHTO in 2008, although MEPDG implementation by state departments of transportation has been slow.[58]. Shift into lower gear and let off the gas pedal, this allows the engine to help you control your speed. 154. You have permission to edit this article. BEFORE going downhill, slow down and shift the transmission into a lower gear. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 04/05/20: Baby Sister Ch. NEVER allow passengers to ride inside the vehicle-in-tow or on the tow dolly. Building viae was a military responsibility and thus came under the jurisdiction of a consul. Rolling resistance increases on rough pavement, as does wear and tear of vehicle components. As they did not possess anything like a transit, a civil engineering surveyor tried to achieve straightness by looking along the rods and commanding the gromatici to move them as required. The Tables command Romans to build public roads and give wayfarers the right to pass over private land where the road is in disrepair. The adopted repeal makes the necessary rule changes for the Driver Education and Safety program to align the program rules with the advisory board changes made by House Bill 1560, 87thLegislature, Regular Session (2021), the Sunset legislation for the Department. A U-Haul representative can assist you if you require assistance. A carrus with two horses was a biga; three horses, a triga; and four horses a quadriga. [9] With the term viae militariae compare the Icknield Way (e.g., Icen-hilde-weg, or "War-way of the Iceni").[9]. In the past, gravel road surfaces, hoggin, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. The tow dolly is wider than the tow vehicle. Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers: Royal Engineer Institute, Occasional Papers. Like he had something dragged across him. Likewise, macadam and tarmac pavements can still sometimes[when?] Quilici, Lorenzo (2008): "Land Transport, Part 1: Roads and Bridges", in: Subordinate officers under the aediles, whose duty it was to look after those streets of Rome which were outside the city walls. Federal Highway Administration. For other uses of the term "pavement", see, Road covered with durable surface material, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Pedestrian Accessibility and Movement Environment Laboratory, "Ford, K., Arman, M., Labi, S., Sinha, K.C., Thompson, P.D., Shirole, A.M., and Li, Z. Now, thanks to Ridders efforts, the Nebraska Legislature has passed legislation that will educate soon-to-be-parents statewide about this preventable condition. In the U.S., nearly one in three children is infected by the age of five. Will it last? Do not exceed any posted speed limit. Nucleus: kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime. Sasse, a Nebraska Republican whose name emerged in early October as the sole finalist for the job, remains the subject of protests and calls for action. [43] The term originally referred to the process of creating a gravel roadway. Allow room behind the tow dolly to back the vehicle-in-tow clear of the tow dolly. Before unloading the tow dolly make sure it is securely attached to the tow vehicle. If necessary, drive on a flat tire to reach a safe place completely off the roadway. Failure to load facing forward may result in sway or WHIPPING and lead to total loss of control. Although there were attempts to rediscover Roman methods, there was little useful innovation in road building before the 18th century. These were mere tracks worn down by the feet of humans and animals, and possibly by wheeled carriages. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. Other types of BSTs include micropaving, slurry seals and Novachip. Turn the coupler handwheel clockwise. I felt like I should have known about this condition and how to be cautious. New and used car prices finally begin to creep down from inflated highs They are usually used to rehabilitate existing roadways rather than in new construction. KEARNEY In the spring of 2020, as the world battled COVID-19, Tricia Ridder was expecting her first child. The process had a military name, viam munire, as though the via were a fortification. Zion National Park charges $15 for oversized vehicles for the one-way traffic control service through the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway Tunnel. It is used to simulate everyday scenarios, from different pavement users to varying pavement conditions. Pregnant women are told not to eat lunch meat, but thats not as important as other information, Ridder said. Legislation in the most recent session allows TDLR advisory boards and commissions to meet via videoconference, so any travel may be limited. Where highway divided into lanes. [9] Both main or secondary roads might either be paved, or left unpaved, with a gravel surface, as they were in North Africa. Your vehicle-in- tow. BDSM 10/14/12: Submissive's Journey 02 (4.58) Tthe shock of discovery. The vehicle for carrying mail was a cisium with a box, but for special delivery, a horse and rider was faster. Dio Cassius mentions as one of the forcible acts of the triumvirs of 43 BC (Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus), that they obliged the senators to repair the public roads at their own expense. NEVER overload your tow vehicle. Avoid turning too sharply. The left chain (A) crosses underneath the tow dolly tongue (B) and hooks to the right side of the tow vehicle permanent hitch (C), frame or structure, or to the tow vehicle bumper brackets. For more information about Driver Education and Safety, contact customer service. Once the records are received and sorted through, we will begin mailing out Verification Letters based on those records. Their transportation service was the cursus clabularis, after the standard wagon, called a carrus clabularius, clabularis, clavularis, or clabulare. car may tow no more than a 2,000 lb. Copyright 2022 U-Haul International, Inc. All rights reserved. A person can also be infected with a different strain of the virus. By September 1, 2022, each driver education school, parent taught course provider, and driving safety course provider is required to update their curricula andcomplete and submit this Statement of Assurance - Information Relating to Human Trafficking (PDF). In many cases there will also be Portland cement substitutes added, such as fly ash. ", Quilici, Lorenzo. Step 2: Subtract the curb (empty) weight of your tow vehicle from the GVWR. Notably, the proposed rules remove periodic inspections from the program. Low hanging equipment on your vehicle-in-tow, such as spoilers, air dams, ground effects, etc., may be damaged by contact with the Tow Dolly during loading and unloading. United States. Special curatores for a term seem to have been appointed on occasion, even after the institution of the permanent magistrates bearing that title. "The extraordinary greatness of the Roman Empire manifests itself above all in three things: the aqueducts, the paved roads, and the construction of the drains. One survives in the Vatican. After unloading the tow dolly with tilt platform loading ramps, pivot platform fully forward, and slide platform locking pin back into lock position. Do not feel secure because the tow dolly tows easily at higher speeds. [52] Another material is aggregate-reinforced thermoplastic which can be heat applied to the top layer of the brick-pattern surface. There was certainly no lack of precedents for this enforced liberality, and the change made by Claudius may have been a mere change in the nature of the expenditure imposed on the quaestors. The right chain hooks to the left side in the same manner. DO NOT BACK UP. The purpose of the safety chains is to keep the tow dolly connected to your tow vehicle in the unlikely event the coupler comes off the ball or the ball comes off the hitch. Both ramps must be pulled out completely to properly unload the vehicle-in-tow without damaging the tow dolly or the vehicle-in-tow. Asphaltic surfaces perform intermediately relative to concrete and chip seal. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier designs. Place the tire straps over the tires. Make sure these chains attach securely to your tow vehicle and do not drag on the roadway. [16][45] Besides the 4,929 kilometres (3,063mi) of granular pavements maintained in Saskatchewan, around 40% of New Zealand roads are unbound granular pavement structures. Doctors did an emergency C-section and delivered a baby girl. This road could be considered superior to any Roman road. The driving safety provider will make its own determinations as to eligibility and educational standards for prospective driving safety instructors. To ensure safety, the National Park Service began traffic control at the tunnel in the spring of that year. All roads were considered to begin from this gilded bronze monument. [20] Another important advantage is that waterproof concrete can be used, which eliminates the need to place storm drains next to the road and reduce the need for a slightly sloped driveway to drain rainwater. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 03/08/20: Baby Sister Ch. Crepido, margo or semita: raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via. DO NOT try to control the combination disturbance by turning the steering wheel. Cars were used to transport one or two individuals, coaches were used to transport parties, and carts to transport cargo. One public member. This road was half carved into the rock, about 5ft to 5ft 9in (1.5 to 1.75m), the rest of the road, above the Danube, was made from wooden structure, projecting out of the cliff. Ridder drove herself to the hospital, where monitoring showed that the babys heart rate had plummeted. Persistent side to side sway motion is not normal. As her grief slowly ebbed, Ridder and her mother, Mary Ridder of Callaway, searched the Internet to learn more and explore fundraising possibilities. The ease of application of BST is one reason for its popularity, but another is its flexibility, which is important when roadways are laid down over unstable terrain that thaws and softens in the spring. Again, Gaius Scribonius Curio, when Tribune (50 BC), sought popularity by introducing a Lex Viaria, under which he was to be chief inspector or commissioner for five years. Never use a tow vehicle different than listed on your rental contract. Graffiti decorate the walls of the few whose ruins have been found. It can be in the form of mechanical markers such as cat's eyes, botts' dots and rumble strips, or non-mechanical markers such as paints, thermoplastic, plastic and epoxy. Pull a safe distance off the roadway and stop. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. Air-Cushioned Ride, 03 - uhaul.com (ALL) YAML - 11.03.2022 at 10.16 - from 1.419.1. Slow down for curves, adverse weather, hazardous road conditions, road construction and expressway exits. Highways designated for use of paved shoulder. When not in use, its wheels were removed for easier storage. Wooden bridges were constructed on pilings sunk into the river, or on stone piers. The Texas Legislature created a new instructor license type: Driver Education Instructor. The Department encourages anyone interested in the Driver Education and Safety program to review the rule proposal online. The Laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to about 450 BC, required that any public road (Latin via) be 8Roman feet (perhaps about 2.37 m) wide where straight and twice that width where curved. These roads bear the names of their constructors (e.g. What is the elevation gain up to the tunnel and how far is it from the Visitor Center? The latest Cattle industry information source on the web. Some links in the network were as long as 55 miles (89km). It carried a driver and a passenger. Roman road builders aimed at a regulation width (see Laws and traditions above), but actual widths have been measured at between 3.6 feet (1.1 metres) and more than 23 feet (7.0 metres). Where highway divided into lanes. Carts driven by oxen were used. As Ridder researched the condition, she learned that congenital CMV infection is arguably the most common preventable cause of neonatal disability in the U.S. More children will have disabilities due to congenital CMV than other well-known infections and syndromes, including Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, spina bifida and pediatric HIV/AIDS, according to the National CMV Foundation. When the handwheel becomes tight, move the tow vehicle forward slightly or push rearward on the tow dolly to ensure that the hitch-ball is properly seated inside the coupler. An example of this is found on the Roman road from Czneti near the Iron Gates. ALWAYS wear your seat belt. If a WHEEL GOES OFF THE PAVED ROADWAY, DO NOT steer sharply and DO NOT brake. The chains need slack to allow your vehicle to make turns. Starting November 6, winter hours of operations for the tunnel are 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Do I have to pay the entrance fee if I'm "just passing through" Zion National Park? A via connected two cities. Get all occupants out of the vehicle and away from the roadway. It had a large storage room containing barrels of wine, cheese and ham. Meaning of designated, ss. Many roads were built to resist rain, freezing and flooding. They had a number of methods available to them. (b) If a roadway is divided into three lanes and provides for two-way movement of traffic, an operator on the roadway may not drive in the center lane except: (1) if passing another vehicle and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance; (2) in preparing to make a left turn; or The quattuorviri board was kept as it was until at least the reign of Hadrian between 117 and 138 AD. Ulpian divided them up in the following fashion:[9], The Romans, though certainly inheriting some of the art of road construction from the Etruscans, borrowed the knowledge of construction of viae munitae from the Carthaginians according to Isidore of Sevilla. DEATH, DISMEMBERMENT or SERIOUS INJURY to you, your passengers, and others on the road may result if you do not follow these instructions. Combined topographical and road-maps may have existed as specialty items in some Roman libraries, but they were expensive, hard to copy and not in general use. Warm mix asphalt is applied at temperatures of 95120C (200250F), resulting in reduced energy usage and emissions of volatile organic compounds. The Roman government from time to time would produce a master road-itinerary. They eventually made contracts for paving the street inside Rome, including the Clivus Capitolinus, with lava, and for laying down the roads outside the city with gravel. If you have any questions, please contact the Education & Examination Division. The best cattle and livestock market information at your fingertips. Roman law defined the right to use a road as a servitus, or liability. Pay $15, in addition to the park entrance fee, for the tunnel permit at the entrance station before proceeding to the tunnel. TDLR issues and renews licenses; issues certificates and certificate numbers; approves courses, providers, instructors and schools; accepts complaints; and responds to consumer and industry inquiries. The lower surfaces of the separate stones, here shown as flat, were sometimes cut to a point or edge in order to grasp the nucleus, or next layer, more firmly. Turn on your emergency flashers. Same (2) Anything that any person is required or authorized to do or to provide to the Minister, the Ministry or the Registrar under this Act may be done or provided by electronic means or in an electronic format, in the circumstances and in the manner specified by the Ministry. Whipping is violent and uncontrollable sway caused by loading a tow dolly heavier in the rear half. Roman Africa; An Outline of the History of the Roman Occupation of North Africa, Based Chiefly Upon Inscriptions and Monumental Remains in That Country. If the mechanical problem is major or if the tow dolly is inoperable or cannot be driven safely, get help at myuhaul.com or call Roadside Assistance at 1-800-528-0355. Get all occupants out of the vehicle and away from the roadway. If the road is still structurally sound, a bituminous surface treatment, such as a chipseal or surface dressing can prolong the life of the road at low cost. By September 1, 2022, each driver education school, parent taught course provider, and driving safety course provider is required to update their curricula andcomplete and submit this Statement of Assurance - Information Relating to Move Over Or Slow Down (PDF). [citation needed], Study results of the long-term acoustic benefits of rubberized asphalt are inconclusive. Schools may continue to create and offer the driver education instructor development course and the supervising instructor development course but will not submit the courses to TDLR for approval after June 1, 2023. If the portable light system has no ground wire, install a suitable ground wire from the vehicle-in-tow to the tow dolly or tow vehicle. Highway designated for one-way traffic. Effective June 1, 2023, the following driver training programs will be repealed: Please note that the 6-Hour Driving Safety Course also known as the Ticket Dismissal Course is notrepealed. I was told not to be concerned, Ridder said. I thought it was odd how common it was, but Id never heard of it, and neither had anyone else Id talked to, she said. Driving Safety School licenses will be abolished as of June 1, 2023. Depending on the temperature at which it is applied, asphalt is categorized as hot mix, warm mix, half warm mix, or cold mix. Combination disturbances happen most often at higher speeds. An automated highway system (AHS), or smart road, is a proposed intelligent transportation system technology designed to provide for driverless cars on specific right-of ways. Several design methods have been developed to determine the thickness and composition of road surfaces required to carry predicted traffic loads for a given period of time. According to Ulpian, there were three types of roads:[9]. Your combination is heavier and longer than your tow vehicle alone and will require more time and distance to pass. Ridder attended the event in Houston last summer. about 242 BC) and the Decemviri litibus iudicandis[12] (time unknown). The aediles, probably by virtue of their responsibility for the freedom of traffic and policing the streets, co-operated with the censors and the bodies that succeeded them.[9]. Once you receive the Verification of Instruction Letter, you can take that letter to another driver education school of your choice to complete your driver education course. In the spring of 2020, as the world battled COVID-19, Tricia Ridder was expecting her first child. There, two nurses were tending to her tiny daughter. On March 12, 2020, March 31, 2020, and May 21, 2020, TDLR enacted temporary distance education provisions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Shareit Not Working On Windows 10, Libellous Crossword Clue, Rust Rocket Launcher Cost, Bar Mitzvah Aliyah Prayer, Pandas Normalize Between 0 And 1, Words To Describe The Sound Of A Door Opening, Sleuth Traceid Not Propagated, Kendo Timepicker Format,